A potential complication of shallow breathing after CABG?

• A. Atelectasis and pneumonia
• B. Pulmonary embolism
• C. Asthma attack
• D. Bronchitis

Answer: (A)

Shallow breathing after CABG reduces how much air reaches the deeper parts of the lungs, so parts of the lungs don’t fully expand. This causes atelectasis, where small airways collapse and alveoli collapse, especially in the bases. With less ventilation and impaired clearance of mucus, secretions accumulate and become a breeding ground for bacteria, increasing the risk of infection. The combination of alveolar collapse and retained secretions sets up pneumonia as a common postoperative pulmonary complication.

Pulmonary embolism isn’t a direct consequence of shallow breathing; it stems from venous thrombus formation and stasis, which gives different symptoms and timing. An asthma attack and bronchitis aren’t typical immediate postoperative complications tied to the shallow-breathing mechanism described here. Preventive measures like incentive spirometry, deep breathing, effective pain control, and early mobilization help re-expand the lungs and reduce the risk of atelectasis and pneumonia.