Which of the following is NOT a typical risk factor for peripheral vascular disease?

• A. Being overweight
• B. History of heart disease
• C. Age over 50
• D. Regular exercise

Answer: (D)

Regular exercise is not a risk factor for peripheral vascular disease; it is protective and often recommended to prevent and manage it. Being overweight increases risk by promoting inflammation, insulin resistance, and lipid abnormalities that accelerate atherosclerosis. Age over 50 reflects cumulative vascular wear and higher likelihood of arterial stiffness and atherosclerotic changes. A history of heart disease indicates systemic atherosclerosis and shared risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol. In contrast, regular physical activity improves endothelial function, lowers blood pressure, improves cholesterol balance (including higher HDL), aids weight control, and enhances walking distance in those with PAD, making it a preventive and therapeutic factor rather than a risk.